This diagnostic report presents the opportunities, challenges and strategic directions for implementing transit-oriented development (TOD) in Hanoi. It provides a foundation for subsequent work on land value capture, TOD planning frameworks and proposed local government resolutions to support TOD implementation.
Hanoi is experiencing mounting urban challenges, including rapid urbanisation, limited public transit infrastructure, fragmented land use, environmental degradation and climate-related risks such as flooding and air pollution. TOD is proposed as a strategic solution to foster compact, high-density, mixed-use development around transit hubs, reducing car dependency and supporting inclusive, low-carbon urban growth. Eight international case studies are analysed to extract lessons on institutional design, integrated planning, public–private collaboration and financing tools such as land value capture. These inform tailored recommendations for Hanoi's context.
The report identifies major implementation barriers, including overlapping regulations, fragmented governance, land assembly difficulties, limited infrastructure integration and weak community engagement. It also addresses the need to embed gender equality, disability and social inclusion in TOD planning and delivery. To address these issues, the report recommends consistent TOD policies, flexible and legalised TOD zones, anti-speculation measures, digitisation of land data and enhanced public participation. It also proposes innovative financing, including TOD-specific funds and public–private partnerships. Seven key actions are outlined, including establishing a TOD council and office, improving urban design regulation, and strengthening project development and institutional coordination to support a scalable TOD approach for Hanoi.
Read the English-language report here: Diagnostic Report on TOD Development in Hanoi
Read the Vietnamese-language report here: Báo cáo đánh giá hiện trạng phát triển TOD tại Hà Nội